Dancing at Lughnasa

In the time ‘Dancing at Lughnasa’ was set Gerry and Chris’s relationship would have been extremely unorthodox and would have circulated a lot of town gossip. Having a child out of wedlock was extremely shocking and making the decision to then keep Michael even more so. In 1936 women had very few rights and with the shock of Michael being born only the towns respect for their brother, a missionary, kept them from being societal lepers. Friel presents the relationship between Gerry and Chris by using stage directions to show the true feelings between them and how their relationship is sustained.Having Gerry and Chris talking in the garden while the four other sisters are inside listening intently shows how little privacy the two have in their relationship. When Gerry first arrives Chris appears extremely cold and offhand in front of him using one word answers ‘Chris: Hello, Gerry†¦ yes†¦yes. ’ All of this gives the impression that she has very little time for him and doesn’t particularly care about him. However Friel’s staging shows the audience that she really does care because we see her reaction before Gerry comes on stage.Friel portrays her as standing stock still in shock then, when coming to her senses, rushing around panicking, ‘adroitly adjusts her hair and clothes. ’ It is the panic before the extract that shows her much Chris truly does care about Gerry and also about how little the sisters have in their lives due to the their scramble to make themselves presentable.This highlights how Gerry is a key romantic figure in the play because even though all the while the sisters are saying ‘Kate: He won’t stay the night here’ and ‘Rose: I hate him!’ they still all end up crowding around the window to listen in and watch, suggesting that though disapproving they still half wish to be in Chris’s shoes. The social constraints of the situation lead them t o wanting Gerry out of the families lives, but still the desire is there through the constant comments. These comments are key to the suggestion of an invasion of privacy, ‘Maggie: you should see the way she’s looking at him†¦Kate: they’re not still talking are they?’Friel is trying to show how hard it must be for Gerry and Chris to live in such an enclosed area where everyone knows everyone’s business, thus exploring a theme of romance, or lack of romance. This is continued throughout the extract, the fact that Gerry never visits ‘Chris: 13 months’ making the relationship seem very one sided – Chris remembering the last visit to the day while Gerry can’t remember the month. Gerry proposes to Chris at the very end of the extract and this gives a sign that maybe he does care about her.Even though Chris turns him down there is still the slight remembrance of this moment throughout the rest of the play, leading to the au diences opinion that maybe Gerry does truly care for Chris despite leaving her alone with child. However through Michael’s narrative closer to the end of the play in the second act we find out that Gerry already had ‘a wife and three grown children’, Friel choosing to leave this revelation till the end to produce a far more dramatic climax to their relationship. It is then that the audience realises that Gerry never intended to marry Chris and only offered in the knowledge that she would refuse.This all gives the impression that there is never any real closeness or intimacy for the two of them and the whole summer of happiness before, ‘suddenly he takes her in his arms and dance. ’ was a lie. A large influence on Friel when writing ‘Dancing at Lughnasa’ was the changing role of women in society. Thatcher had just been Prime Minister and women’s rights were becoming much more accepted in the 1990’s, perhaps why Friel chose t o make this such a large part of the play. Set in 1936 the Mundy sisters would not have been at all accepted by society with Chris having Michael out of wedlock and then deciding to keep him.Changing attitudes within society would have influenced Friel’s interpretation of Chris and Gerry’s relationship. Friel depicted this family as an example of what is yet to come, the sisters supported Chris throughout and after her pregnancy even though it went against societies beliefs, thus inflicting Chris’s embarrassment upon themselves as well yet still sticking together as a family. Friel emphasizes that women should have the right to do as they please through the disruption of outside influences.At the beginning of the play the sisters are happy in their little bubble making jokes about the outside world ‘Maggie: steady on girl, today its lipstick; tomorrow it’s the gin bottle’ although never participating in it. It’s when they begin to allo w others into their circle that things begin to go down hill for them. Before Gerry’s arrival they were all dancing and laughing but his arrival marked a change for them all, Friel perhaps suggesting that women don’t need the influences of men and all they bring with them is destruction.Danny Bradley and Rose are another example of this, the death of Rose’s defenceless white rooster is symbolic of mans predatory nature and the violence of this act implies violence between Rose and Bradley. Therefore Friel is portraying women as stronger without the male interference, Chris and Gerry’s relationship is used to highlight this as it is obvious to the audience that Chris would have been better off without Gerry in the first place but it is this continued procrastinating relationship that truly destroys her.The audience views Chris and Gerry’s relationship with trepidation throughout the play due to Friel’s depiction of him as a stereotypical woma niser. Kate calls him a ‘Loafer! Wastrel! ’ but conveniently neglects to mention the obvious charisma he has. In a short few minutes of conversation he has turned Chris from cold and unwelcoming ‘Chris: Thirteen months. ’ To one who is warm and laughing and allows Gerry to ‘dance her lightly, elegantly across the garden. ’ The audience views this exchange with surprise having heard only very negative things about Gerry from the sisters; the easy acceptance from Chris confuses them.The audience’s mistrust of Gerry’s character increases after the small discussion of Agnes between the two. Having already seen Agnes’s rigid, almost forced disinterest in Gerry, and then to have Gerry asking specifically after her Friel creates a slight unease for the audience, suggesting that something may have between the two of them. This leads to the audience beginning to see the cracks in the family’s foundations with Gerry seemingly at the centre of this. Friel enforces this idea of him being a womaniser later in act 2 when he begins to flirt with Agnes ‘Gerry: Dance with me Agnes.’ and then kisses her forehead, all of this watched by Chris.The audience begins to really mistrust Gerry at this point as it is obvious that he is the cause of conflict between the family they have come to love. The audience is seeing men in a bad light which relates to the feelings at the time it was being performed when the term ‘glass ceiling’ was coming into existence, women in the workplace being oppressed by men and now, in the play, them to being oppressed in relationships. There is the feeling that men can get away with any sort of misdemeanour by just walking away, leaving, whereas women i.e.Chris, are always left with the result – a baby. Gerry’s carrying on represents this stereotypical male so that when the audience discovers that Gerry in fact has ‘a wife and three grown chil dren’ it comes as no surprise. In conclusion, Friel presents Gerry and Chris’s relationship as something parallel to that of a pre 1990’s relationship. He wants to suggest to the audience that women no need longer depend on men by showing how much better off the Mundy sisters were before the arrival of Gerry and the conflict he brought within the family.Although the influences on Friel were all about the empowerment of women, he presents Gerry and Chris’s relationship with Gerry as the dominant figure, putting the play in the context of its setting and to show how the male dominance was a cause of the family breaking down. Through his presentation of the relationship he is evoking the idea that there are more possibilities available to an empowered women rather than a dominated one.

Queer theory Essay

The concept of sexuality, what is socially accepted, what is ‘natural’, what is prescribed by religion, what is deemed deviant has been a form of social analysis, controversy, political debate and a measure of human progress. For what was considered the least talked about issue in society, sexuality was in many ways what defined the individual, their society, culture and the legal and moral laws that presided within it. The controllers of power were white, middle class, heterosexual men. If one of the white, middle to upper class men were found to be practising homosexuality they were gaoled and deemed to be under the influence of Satan himself. Homosexuality was in many ways to the hegemonic masculinity an abdication of the throne, stepping down from the privileged class and taking the form of the lower forms of life; women and the lesser races. Lesbianism was either thought to not exist at all or was not thought of as a problem because they were not threatening (in any substantial way) the existence of a stable, masculinized order. Oppression came in the form of the hegemonic masculinity passing laws to outlaw homosexuality and pronouncing that homosexuality was in fact a medical condition and could be treated. Yet despite the many laws passed, all the psychotherapy and electrocution the homosexual was still very much alive. Then came the Stonewall riots, gay and lesbian and feminist movements who swept around the world, the liberation swept into the academic world and new thoughts surrounding sexuality were being produced at rapid rates. These thoughts of sexuality are in a constant state of change, deconstructing and reinventing. Queer theory has emerged from this spiral of thought and has impacted not only on the academic world but in the form of popular culture, where it continues to challenge and in many ways further sexual liberation. Queer Theory; It’s precursors and Theorists. Sexual desire has been for centuries thought of as being part of our natural  makeup, as if it were embedded within our very being. This idea of sexuality being a natural drive was shared by many leading figures in the academic world; Charles Darwin, anthropologist Malinowski, the philosopher Marcuse and Freud saw sexuality within human psychology. These ideas were challenged in the form of Post-structuralism, often associated with the works of Michel Foucault and Jacques Derrida, which dominants the structure and understanding of Queer theory. ‘[Post-structuralism] refers to a manner of interpreting selves and the social which breaks with traditional epistemologies’ Post-structuralism argues that subjects are the autonomous creators themselves or their social worlds. Subjects are embedded in a complex network of social relations. These relations thus determine which subjects can appear where, and in what capacity. Post-structuralism contends that a focus on the individual as an autonomous agent needs to be ‘deconstructed’, contested and troubled. It is engaged in denaturalising dominant understandings of sexual identity. In emphasising that sexuality is not an essentially personal attribute but an available cultural category. Michel Foucault in his much acclaimed History of Sexuality, Volume I changed the way everyone thought about sexuality and challenged the idea of the natural. ‘Foucault argued that society did not repress sexuality, which simply does not exist as an entity in nature. Rather, social discourses constituted sexuality as a cultural form, in the historical transition to modernity.’ Jacques Derrida offers a somewhat different approach through his ways of thinking surrounding how meanings are established. ‘†Supplement† suggests that meanings are organised through difference, in a dynamic play of presence and absence.’ A Derridean perspective would argue that heterosexuality needs homosexuality for it’s own definition. Feminist theory contributed greatly to many of the ideas behind Queer theory. Feminist theorists looked at gender as a system of signs, or signifiers, assigned to sexually dimorphic bodies, which served to differentiate the social roles and meanings those bodies could have. Feminist theory thus argued that gender was a social construct, something designed and implemented and perpetuated by social organisations and structures, rather than something merely ‘true’, something innate to the ways bodies worked on a biological level. In so doing, feminist theory made two very important contributions. The first is that feminist theory separated the social from the biological, insisting that we see a difference between what is the product of human ideas, hence something mutable and changeable, and what is the product of biology, hence something (relatively) stable and unchangeable. The second contribution is related to the first: by separating the social and the biological, the constructed and the innate, feminist theory insisted that gender was not something ‘essential’ to an individual’s identity. As a term ‘Queer theory’ was first used by Teresa de Lauretis in her introduction to the ‘Lesbian and Gay Sexualities’ issue of differences in the summer of 1991 in which to encompass the large circulation of Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual writings. To describe ‘the conceptual and speculative work involved in discourse pro-duction, and . . . the necessary critical work of deconstructing our own discourses  and their constructed silences’. The object of study in queer theory is the social articulation of same-sex eroticism and why, in recent centuries in  Western-dominated cultures, this human interaction has been articulated as queer, as abject Other. Judith Butler in her widely cited book Gender Trouble contributes to gender and ideas of sexuality. How gender operates as a regulatory construct that privileges heterosexuality and how the deconstruction of normative models of gender legitimates lesbian and gay subject positions. Queer Theory; Gender, Identity, ‘We’re Queer! and We’re Here!’ Queer theory and Queer politics is often hard to comprehend, and harder to define since part of it’s basis is intentionally having no set definition. Queer theory is surrounded by contradictions, difficulties, opposing thoughts and political debate. Queer theorists have different ideas on what is ‘Queer’ and what is not ‘Queer’ and some Queer theorists believe there is no set doctrine in which to be ‘Queer’ because that would adhere to the ‘norm’s’ of heteronormativity. Examining different ‘Queer’ thoughts can help aid our own formulation of what is ‘Queer’ and what ‘Queer theory’ is to the individual and how it can help develop understandings around sexuality, gender, history, societies, cultures and heteronormativity. Queer Theory assumes that sexual identities are a function of representations. It assumes that representations pre-exist and define, as well as complicate and disrupt sexual identities. That people discover their identities by working with (and against) the identities the culture represents as possibilities. Queer theory drawing very much from the theory of performativity, where sexual identity is marked on the body and is in a constant process of embodiment. Where selfhood is a constructed idea, something not ‘naturally’ produced by bodies or by birth. Selfhood, in poststructuralist theory, becomes ‘subject hood’ or ‘subjectivity’. The switch in terms is a recognition that, first of all, human identity is shaped by language, by becoming a subject in language. The shift from ‘self’ to ‘subject’ also marks the idea that subjects are the product of signs, or signifiers, which make up our ideas of identity. Selves are stable and essential; subjects are constructed, hence provisional, shifting, changing, always able to be redefined or reconstructed. Selves, in this sense, are like signifiers within a rigid system, whose meanings are fixed; subjects, by contrast, are like signifiers in a system with more play, more multiplicity of meaning. Queer theory takes on this idea and opts for ‘denaturalisation’, where the individual can ‘challenge the familiar distinction between normal and pathological, straight and gay, masculine men and feminine women.’ Queer theory surrounds itself with ideas about sexuality as an innate or essentialist category and the opening to reformulation and the bending of the idea of gender roles as essential, and as determined by sex (males are masculine, females are feminine) through their unique combinations of what used to be called masculine and feminine styles. Queer theory allows us to examine Western culture and problematize it’s approach to attributing everyone to not only certain behaviour’s but identity’s and it’s tendency to label, box and categorise. As said by Sedgwick in Epistemology of the Closet; ‘A society which insists that each individual, just as he or she possesses a gender also must necessarily occupy one or the other category of sexual orientation.’ Queer theorists seek to break down traditional dichotomies surrounding gender and as novelist Saul Bellow observes, ‘The idea is to clobber everything that used to be accepted as given, fixed, irremediable.’ For the new radical theorists, the enemy is no longer a ruling class, a hegemonic race, or even a dominant gender. Instead it is the sexual order of nature itself. Oppression lies in the very idea of the ‘normal’, the order that divides humanity into two sexes. Instead of a classless society as the redemptive future, queer theorists envisage a gender-free world. Queer theory results in an effort to speak from and to the differences and silences that have been suppressed by the homo-hetero binary, an effort to unpack the monolithic identities ‘lesbian’ and ‘gay’ including the intricate ways lesbian and gay sexualities are inflected by heterosexuality, race, gender and ethnicity.’ Queer theory also seeks to not only break down gender roles, sexual order and dichotomies but break down the very thoughts around sexuality in regard to biology and reproduction. Much of out culture tends to define sexuality in terms of animal instincts, sexual responses are almost purely biological: we respond sexually to what is coded in our genes and hormones, and this is almost always defined in terms of reproductive behaviour. Queer theorists problematize this by pointing out that human sexuality differs immensely from that of the animals and that females do not enter a period in which they are in ‘heat’ and males are not solely programmed to seek out those females who are in ‘heat’. Humans also have an enormous repertoire of sexual behaviours and activities, only some of which are linked to reproduction. Queer theorists ask that we dismiss sexuality in linkage to reproduction and more so that sexuality is a discursive effect with never ending intricacies, possibilities and pathways. Queer theorists also challenge the ideas of sexuality in terms of moral and social judgement and how this links in with identity, that is-morality, in terms of right and wrong behaviours. Western cultural ideas about sexuality come from lots of places; from science, from religion, from politics, and from economics. These ideas about sexuality often take the form of dichtomic moral statements about what forms of sexuality are right, or good, or moral, and which are wrong, bad, and immoral. These categories have shifted over time, which is another way of arguing that definitions of sexuality are not ‘essential’ or timeless or innate, but rather are social constructs, things that can change and be manipulated. Queer theorists note how powerful the links are between sexual activities and notions of morality. And the link comes, in part, from defining sexuality as part of identity, rather than just as an activity which one might engage in. Hence, if you have genital sexual contact with someone of the same sex, you are not just having homosexual sex, you ARE a homosexual. And that identity then is linked to a moral judgment about both homosexual acts and homosexual identities. Queer theorists note that while someone who engages in a homosexual act does not consider themselves homosexual but if another becomes privileged to this information then that person may inflect the term ‘homosexual’ on that person hence defining an identity for this person. Queer on the other hand  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœmarks a suspension of identity as something fixed, coherent and natural.’ Queer theory: Contributions to social analysis. Part of Queer theory is based around the recognition of the role of interpretation in understanding all aspects of human life. That is, queer theory assumes that events, attitudes, relationships, etc., are never self-evident or self-interpreting but always require some grid of interpretation or key to decode and make sense of them. Queer theorists state that while every is subject to subjectivity, the past and how the self views and interprets the past is filled with ‘glitches’ and we decode the past through a lens that it set to examine the past through  the ‘norm’, which thus distorts the past and continues and perpetuates those norms. As Michael Warner explains it: ‘Almost everything that would be called queer theory is about ways in which texts–either literature or mass culture or language–shape sexuality’. Queer theorists are thus devoted to rereading past events, texts, and social theories, especially those related to sexuality with the lens set to disrupt, de-straight or de-norm. Queer theory has made interesting contributions to sociology, and though many sociologists are wary and sceptical of Queer theory some have taken Queer theory and used it constructively in social analysis. Sociology influenced by Queer theory is a move to a model of difference that provokes new insights into the continual reproduction of heteronormativity hegemony. Sociologists have been challenged to sharpen their analytical lenses, to grow sensitised to the discursive production of sexual identities, and to be mindful of the force of heteronormativity as a fundamental organising principle throughout the social order. The impact of queer theory can also be seen in studies of the institutional regulation and management of sexualities, and in people’s responses to that regulation by media, religion, kinship institutions, and political organisations. Sociologists have used Queer theory in application of the globalised media, in particular in the explosion of reality television such as Big Brother and talk shows such as Ricki Lake who provide a slice of what and how sexuality and sexualities operate within society. They not only study the behaviour of the people within this media discourse but a public (church groups, politicians, psychologists) reaction to their behaviour. Sociologists have used Queer theory in an examination of power and authority in the intersections between class and or race and sexuality. Scholars have examined how those in power use languages of sexuality to naturalise oppression based on race, class, and gender, such as in racist understandings of black women as sexually insatiable, Asian women as sexually exotic, black men as sexually predatory, and white women as sexually innocent. These assumptions, whether spoken or unspoken, have influenced policies as broad as colonisation, marriage and welfare law, healthcare and education and not to mention less institutionalised practices. The importance of Queer theory and it’s contributions to social analysis and a general understanding how the world has and continues to function is never ending in possibilities. Queer theory can continue it’s deconstruction and reinvention over time because sexuality is always changing. A continued effort of social analysis through a Queer lens can only help expose the many intricacies of sexuality. It’s potential to escape criticisms of Eurocentric bias and utilise it’s position that it’s available to everyone can help deepen an understanding of Western understandings of race, culture, ethnicity in regard to sexuality. Queer theory is in a constant state of change and challenge, it can only continue to broaden itself and academics into new thought-provoking realms. Bibliography: Books: Connell, R.W. Gender. Polity Press; Cambridge. 2002. Jagose, Annamarie. Queer theory: an introduction. New Yorks: New York University Press, 1996. Kirsch, Max H. Queer Theory and Social Change. Routledge Press; Great Britain. 2000. Ringer, Jeffrey. Queer words, queer images : communication and the construction of homosexuality. New York : New York University Press, c1994. Steven, Seidman (Editor) Queer theory/sociology. Cambridge, Mass: Blackwell, 1996. Thomas, Calvin. Straight with a twist : queer theory and the subject of heterosexuality. Urbana : University of Illinois Press, c2000. Journals Cornwall, Richard. A Primer on Queer Theory For Economists Interested in Social Identity’s. Feminist Economics 4(2), 1998, 73-82 Gamson, Joshua and Moon, Dawne. The Sociology of Sexualities Annual. Review. Sociology. 2004. Horowitz, David. The Queer Fellows. American Spectator, Vol. 26 Issue 1, (1993) 40-51. Mitchell, Peter. Wishing for Political Dominance: Representations of History and Community in Queer Theory. Australian Literary Studies. Vol.7 No.18. (2003) 189-197. Myers, Helen. Queer or not too Queer, That’s not the Question. South-western University in Texas. College Literature, Vol. 24 Issue 1. (1997) 171-182. Rudy, Kathy. Queer Theory and Feminism. Feminist Studies, Vol. 27 Issue 1 (2000) 192-203 Shepard, Benjamin. Queer Theory and it’s Continuing Significance. Routledge Journals. Vol. 29. No. 4. (2002) 89-94. Online articles Altman, Dennis. On Global Queering. Australian Humanities Review. http://www.lib.latrobe.e du.au/AHR/copyright.html Bredback, Gregory. W. Literary Theory: Gay, Lesbian and Queer. New England Publishing Associates. http://www.glbtq.com. Hedges, Warren. Queer Theory Explained. Southern Oregon University, 1999. http://www.sou.edu/English/Hedges/Sodashop/RCenter/Theory/Explaind/pdfs/queer%20theory Klages, Mary. Thoughts on Queer Theory. University of Colorado. http://www.colorado.edu/English/ENGL2012Klages/queertheory.html. 1997.

Strama 1-4

Question1: What is your evaluation of Michael Dell’s performance first as Dell’s CEO and more recently as its Chairman? How well has he performed the five tasks of crafting and executing strategy that were discussed in Chapter 2? Part 1: Same roles and responsibilities both as Dell’s CEO and its Chairman. * A young and learning manager. * A charismatic leader. * Motivated, loyal, and respectful followers. Part 2: * Vision: Directional, strategic vision * Objects: Crafting strategy: moves to achieve diversification, cross – business synergies 1+1=3 * Implementing strategy: * Evaluating strategy: Adapt to customer need changes, actively search for new opportunities, have corrective actions when not going well. Question 2: What are the elements of Dell’s strategy? Which one of five generic competitive strategies is Dell employing? How well do the different pieces of Dell’s strategy fit together? Is Dell’s strategy evolving? * The elements of Dell’s strategy: Cost- efficient build- to –order manufacturing( C-95) * Partnership with suppliers: partnering with reputable suppliers of PC >leadership in technology, performance, quality and cost. (C97) * Direct sales to customer (C-99) * Award winning customer service and technical support (C-101) * Customer- Driven R&D : focus on tracking and testing new developments >most useful and cost-efficient for customers (C-103) * Using standardized technology: using industrywide standards ( C-103) * Product-line expansion: data storage hardware, switches, handheld PCs, printers, printer cartridges. C103) From these elements, especially, â€Å"Direct sales to customer†, Dell is employing â€Å"Low-cost strategy†. Dell’s strategy is evolving. Question 3: Does Dell’s expansion into other IT products and services make good strategic sense? Why or Why not? Yes, it made good sense, because of the following reasons: Have opportunities to expand i nto industries whose technologies and products complement its present business (related diversification: from PC to data shortage, printers, etc) * Reduce costs by diversifying into closely related businesses * Have powerful brand name â€Å"Dell†: Customers would try other products * Good long-term profit opportunities ($800 billion market) => Industry attractiveness test * Low cost of entry to other related businesses => Cost of entry test * The company’s different businesses performed better together than as stand-alone enter prices (from 2% market share in 1995 to 30% market share in 2005, Pc attached with switch made easy sales) => Better-off test Question 4: What does a SWOT analysis reveal about the attractiveness of Dell Computer’s situation? From SWOT: * Dell hold very strong competitive position * â€Å"Direct business model† and â€Å"closed relationship with customers and suppliers† > Dell’s success * Company entered to the †Å" Fortune Global 500† >proved Dell’s efficiency and attractiveness * Dell Inc can profit from all different opportunities of expansion and growth to make it business more profitable.

The Bonus Army Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Bonus Army - Essay Example The Government considered the cash-payment redemption to be inflationary and impractical increasing the budget deficit for two million dollars (Kingseed). As the atmosphere of frustration and despair was worsening the American Communist Party found and an opportunity to complicate things more sending John Pace to instigate a riot. Though the role he played is quite ambiguous the historians agree that the veterans were getting more aggressive and the Government was alarmed with his presence. As the consequence the tensions dramatically escalated up to physical violence. Starting with the police clashes the fear of the communist presence led to the military force involvement. When the fire was opened by the police and the situation went out of control the President Hoover took an advantage of the incident and directed to unleash the military in order to expel the marchers from the capital. At this point Douglas MacArthur assumes the role of the key actor of the eviction operation. Havi ng ousted the veterans from the downtown his mission was completed, but for whatever reason MacArthur decided to break the explicit instructions and continue coming down to Anacostia flats where resided the marchers and putting on fire the entire camp. Giving a press conference MacArthur justified his harsh action by the necessity to confront the communists, claiming that the Reds were plotting the revolution representing a threat to the government. Both Hoover and Macarthur believed that the majority of the rioters were communists. This assumption probably can explain the over-action. However, according to the numbers revealed by the Veterans Administration the president’s presuppositions were overestimated. Communists did not exceed 6 percent of the marchers (Kingseed). Wyatt Kingseed in his article The ‘Bonus Army’ War characterizes the MacArthur’s actions pay attention to his personality and problems with subordination saying that his â€Å"ambition p roved too great an obstacle for history to erase its view of his performance against the Bonus Army† (Kingseed). Nevertheless, while the government reaction was undoubtedly too harsh it should be considered in the complex with other events (like hunger march in Detroit auto plant) and difficult conditions of the Great Depression which suggested the growing communist sentiments in the society and subsequent threat to the capitalist system. The incident obviously could not help influence the presidential election in the fall of 1932. By calling the army to interfere and then being forced to support the MacArthur’s actions to suppress the veterans unrest Hoover was not able to do anything with the public opinion. The other president candidate from the Democratic Party Franklin D. Roosevelt though did not support the immediate cash-payment of the bonus either, understood the significance of the order to resort to force. Consequently the Bonus Army incident brought him to th e victory on the election. The next year the veterans came back to Washington to press the same question again. Roosevelt applied completely different strategy to handle the issue and sent his wife to speak with them. He took certain measures to resolve the problem: first producing the Economy Act that advantaged mostly a disabled veterans; creating

Surrealism - Leonora Carrington Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Surrealism - Leonora Carrington - Essay Example The essay "Surrealism - Leonora Carrington" discusses surrealism and the figure of Leonora Carrington. She got most of her morale from her mother who encouraged her to participate in art. Besides encouraging her, her mother played an important role in shaping her daughters career. In 1936 she gave Carrington Herbert Read’s book titled surrealism. This played a major role in encouraging her to turn up to be a surrealist. In 1937, Carrington met Max Ernst the person who had influenced her into surrealism before he even met him. This led to their marriage as Ernst separated with her wife to settle with Carrington. Most of her paintings were images of beast something that she attributes to have learnt from her culture in Mexico. She also depicts pictures of horses in most her diagrams something she affirms as a woman’s source of strength. Her main aim of painting and writing was to engage in unconscious forms of art as a philosophy of the surrealism. This paper is going to analyze the artistic background of Leonora Carrington. The paper looks into her influence in surrealism and tackles most of her novels and paintings. Just like any other artist, Carrington was attracted to surrealism with the interest of resolving contradicting conditions of dream and realities. This was the main aim for many artists mostly painters and novelist to join the surrealism movement. Most of these artists attribute their works to the influence of philosophers. For example, when Sigmund Freud developed his work of free association.

Improving Decision making in the Public Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Improving Decision making in the Public - Essay Example This study highlights that  the instinctive portion, founded on the emotional instincts, is operational in the absence of conscious inclusion. Contrarily, rational thinking involves all situations requiring deliberative analysis. Unfortunately, the instinctive portion is comparatively stronger than its rational counterpart. As a result, people are tempted to use the instinctive portion even in situations requiring deliberate analysis. This is the reason behind the lack of capacity for individuals to make right decisions.This paper discusses that the public should be instructed by knowledge on decisions making, and use these knowledge while forming decisions. Studies show that knowledge on statistics improves the judgment of certainty and uncertainty, and it is important that this is implemented within education curriculum so that students’ decision making skills are sharpened. In addition, researchers found that exemplary numeracy skills significantly improve one’s ab ility to interpret real world situations. Decision making can be drastically improved by emphasizing these two educational approaches in educational programs, while authorities applying knowledge on decision making through improved statistical and numeracy skills.  Scientific facts rule that we are incapable of altering our selves through the integration of new knowledge and skills to make only right decisions. Never-the-less, the use of libertarian paternalism, and application of the two educational approaches can improve decision making.

Compares the treatment of a theme or the ethics of a character Essay

Compares the treatment of a theme or the ethics of a character - Essay Example Glengarry Glen Ross was welcomed by various reviewers as an â€Å"outcome of American cupidity and ethics†, as a â€Å"sharp†¦reflection of corruption†, as depicting â€Å"American religious malaise†, and as a presentation of the fact that â€Å"greed and gluttony are the steam engines that drive North American entrepreneurship† (Quinn 23). In a later cerebral view, Roundane Mathew wrote that â€Å"materialism and ravenousness form the never center of the play† and that the novel shows that â€Å"public issues† and â€Å"business transactions† control â€Å"the persona’s secretive world†. In the Lay of the Land the importance of this for ethics cannot be hyped. Having strolled for twenty-five-hundred years in a miasma of their own creation, philosophers have now been given an opportunity to achieve not only a fully reasonable understanding of good, but also a full pleasing perceptive of the things that are good. The sense of dissatisfaction that has clutched on to ethics with the god will fade away as intellect discover what character has always known, that there things sufficient to make life worth living. David Mamet’s wordsmiths, such as landed property seller Shelly Levene articulated in monosyllabic words the panic and steep poetry of their struggling lives. Levene’s anxiety (the italicized words) in the novel call attention to the hard-sell core of the salesmen’s lives as they ward off failure in the guise of loss of influence, respect, leads, sales, closings, bonuses, new deals, and even the job. As per Levene, words bring to surface the character’s fear, greed, and extreme anxiety. Levene jubilantly announces that he has sold some land, which would put him temporarily ahead in the sales contest. But his joy is ephemeral too: his colleagues tell him that the clients, to whom he sold the land, the Nyborgs, are in fact crazy and simply like talking to salesmen (Kissel 212). They

Free writing ... romance letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Free writing ... romance letter - Essay Example When I least expected, I met this girl. Out of no where, this girl planted a seed inside of me, a seed of many qualities. Not only did her personality attract me, but the seed told me that she was no ordinary girl. This seed was a seed of class and sophistication. She was one kind of a girl, the kind that can keep one mesmerized. Whether the seed was planted in the heart or elsewhere, I couldn’t figure it out. In simple words, I knew one thing; this was a very precious pearl buried deep in the sea, bringing a glimmer of light to the very depths of the ocean. This girl happened to be on the other side of the river, where the grass always seems to be greener. I was not sure whether I was watching her or I was meditating, she seemed like a butterfly fluttering away in all her magical beauty. I never thought I could have it in me to cross the river, being someone who would always discourage people for carrying out such an act. Despite all this something ignited within me, I was driven, I was carried away. The other side had always remained a mystery. Could this girl be really beautiful or just an illusion? When I reached the other side, I realized there’s more to her than meets the eye. This was a discovery I had to make alone. Quite a journey! I kept knowing more and more.. things I would never knew if I didnt choose this path. For example, I knew that journey was not a choice.. it was something that I had to... I also knew this could be the most amazing journey. Literally, I discovered beautiful things in life for the first time. Remember I was telling you about my idea of a prefect girl. Well, this girl was out of this world. She superseded all past and future thoughts.. all qualities I had imagined about a true lady. She is definitely "too good to be true". I no longer need to find more attributes. She made it easier. She whispered "here I am, just draw me†¦think of me...Im all the answers you need.

Answer questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 15

Answer questions - Essay Example 3. The foreign policies issues Mr.Obama is facing have created atrophy in foreign policy something that has affected his domestic agenda. The President is being punched abroad as well as at home and the world at times seems as if it is falling apart, with the President not able to fix it. Due to a mixture of a few considerable missteps, situations beyond his power, unreasonable expectations as well as maddeningly weak conduct, Obama has exposed himself to criticism which he is not expressing a strong ,overarching outline for exercising American power ;Obama has also not been able to twist totalitarian leaders to America’s will. 4.In case they control the Senate, the GOP have lined up an agenda which comprises of authorisation of the Keystone XL oil pipe, approval of â€Å"fast-track† trade authority, repeal of medical tax as well as wiping out proposed environmental regulations. 5.Republicans are planning to attract women voters by attacking the claim by democratic that GOP policies usually do not promote women fairness as well as honestly dealing with any disagreement regarding abortion before they move on to other issues they may be

Dimensions of interprofessional practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Dimensions of interprofessional practice - Essay Example Interprofessional work in this instance refers to people with distinct disciplinary training within the health service working together for a common purpose, as they make different, complementary contributions to patient-focused care (Farrell, 1992). Modernising Social Services detailed service failings in social care and set out an agenda that was intended to bring services up to the standards required. The paper emphasised the need to improve protection and services for children alongside improvement of workforce standards, partnership working and improvement of delivery and efficiency of service (Slack, 1999). The NHS Plan detailed the government’s plan for investment and reform that was intended to lead to staff working differently with more decision-making located in local health and care communities (Wistow, 2001). Professions in the health and care environment have different approaches to provision of care. There are often differences in cultures, values or in focus of service provision that make it difficult to make progress in partnership until enough common understanding and agreement has been established. Social workers expect to engage in interagency working as a normal activity when they collaborate with othe rs to achieve objectives for service users. Furthermore, authors in this area also note that team-working in some areas of care, may it be in palliative, intensive, or critical care (Youngblut, 1994), as it provides mutual support in what can be emotionally draining work as well as promoting enhanced clinical standards by facilitating exchange of knowledge, ideas and experience. At the point of delivery, services have to be combined and individualised; and if needs are to be met adequately, it is crucial that people working together at this level relate well with each other. A structural approach to collaborative problems must therefore be paralleled by a relational approach - that is,

Compare and contrast Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Compare and contrast - Research Paper Example Consequently, the two stories may present a conflict that exists between two parties but also express some differences in the cause, plot, setting, and resolution of the existing conflict. Plot and Themes In the story, ‘punishment’, the theme that is brought out in terms of multifaceted human interrelations and behaviors is the theme of women oppression. The author aims at enlightening the position of women in the society in relation to social issues and the sacrifices they have to take to put the point to the society. The two women puts it clearly in the storyline that they are against their husbands commands on their life. The storyline seeks to open the women’s eyes to freedom from oppressive men regardless of the price whereby Chandara is determined to die rather than marrying a man the she knew would have authority of her life. Furthermore, the two women, Radha and Chandara, have a fierce relationships and the author indicates that the two spent most of their time fighting despite their close family relationship ties. Surprisingly, Dukhiram kills his wife Radha after a quarrel but the information given to the authorities is very different whereby the brother to Dukhiram inflicts his wife Chandara as the suspect in favor of his bother. This instance further reveal the complex relation s that the two men and their women. The story ends with Chandara being found guilty of an offence not committed but could not defend herself against her husband because of the oppressive powers men had over their women in India. However, the story â€Å"The conscience of the court,† brings out the theme of loyalty and devotion, but at the same time brings out the theme of, human relationship, oppressive human behavior, and desire of men to mistreat women in the society. This is different from ‘punishment’ because the black domestic worker was loyal to her master in contrast to the case whereby the two wives did not show loyalty to their husbands. Lee, the domestic worker stands out of her limit to protect her master’s, Miss Clairborne, property despite having a loan to the white man. â€Å"I am an unlearnt woman and common-clad†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hurston 102) indicate that Lee had few opportunities to pay the loan. However, Beasley the owed white man by Lee was determined to oppress Lee further by confiscating her employee property that would have rendered her jobless. Lee makes a sacrifice that no other woman would do to protect the property by confronting the man out of the loyalty she has for her master and she states, â€Å"I love her so hard, and I can’t help myself† â€Å"(Dabritz 112). Setting Both the stories are set on a close human relationship background whereby the story by Hurston involves a domestic worker and her master and that of Tagore entails a family. The story â€Å"punishment† is set in in an Indian village to depict the Indian culture. Indian women have less power in the society whereby men have a history of oppressing them because of their culture. The story is set on family background to put out the theme of women oppression by the culture and the injustices that Indian women face in courts despite being innocent. The context reveals the approaches that the society should take to incorporate western practices and principles without dissolving the Indian cultur

The evaluation of adults returning to learning. Essay Example for Free

The evaluation of adults returning to learning. Essay There are many advantages to returning to learning as an adult, which ultimately enables the individual satisfied in many positive aspects. However, amongst the advantages, it is highly probably apprehensible that an adult student will face disadvantages to returning to learning as an adult. There is no such thing as a typical adult student, ergo everyone is unique. Nevertheless, it is possible to formulate conceptualise a broad understanding of the supporting arguments and opposing arguments regarding returning to learning as an adult. Completing an academic course is beneficial to everyone, regardless of age, it grants them a formal qualification formal recognition of their achievements, which can then be presented as proof or persuasion or simply kept as a personal achievement, because earning a qualification can be satisfying within its own right, building self-esteem and confidence. One of the disadvantages to returning to learning as an adult is that adult students appear to be less confident in an academic environment opposed to traditional-aged students, according to a July FOXbusiness article. This is due to an academic environment being unfamiliar to most non-traditional-aged adult college students, most adults have been absent from education for many years, juxtaposed to traditional-ages students, 18 or above, who have entered college or university straight from A-levels. Many adult, non-traditional college students experience fear or discomfort within the classroom due to feeling inadequate despite being more motivated to earn a degree compared to traditional-aged students (adult students are less distracted opposed to younger students -theyve already satisfied their impulsive urges within in their youth adults a more likely to appreciate the aspect of education more so than younger students) , according to the statistics in the July FOXbusiness article. One could perceive this as disadvantageous, however, it is more logical to perceive this as a opportunity rather than a limitation. Returning to education as an adult enables an opportunity to learn a superlative piece of skill, confidence. Many adults who return to learning have lost their confidence due to the negative perceptions they have of themselves, however, studying will develop and enhance ones confidence, skills and qualifications. Studying bestow’s upon the adult the ability to adapt to new social situations and the opportunity to trust your own abilities, ergo, to indulge within the self-belief that comes from completing a course successfully, which is advantageous. Amongst other advantages, making new friends isnt a prime reason for enrolling upon a course, but many adults appreciate this as an added bonus. Linked to the gaining the importance of confidence, discovering new people who are in a similar situation with mutual interests is an effective way, of an adult who may have negative perceptions of oneself, of realising that the world around them isnt as alienating as they perceive, ergo, returning to education as an adult presents an opportunity to find yourself, which is certainly advantageous. Besides that, returning to learning as an adult has a functional advantage. It can increase career prospects and earning potential. Despite recent difficulties faced by graduates and school-leavers, it remains the case that people with academic or vocational qualifications are more likely to be employed. Adults particularly find that returning to education increases their opportunity choices regarding career. Also, abiding by national statistics, in 2001, research conducted by LSE found that by gaining a degree a woman can earn up to 26% more than a woman who does not continue her education beyond A LEVELS. A man can earn about 23% more by completing a degree course. Another advantage for adults who are returning to learning is that education for some is a means to escape the familiar routines that they commit to. Many adults may be unhappy or perhaps many adults might be experience the sense of being unfulfilled in their working or social environments. These negative emotions, lead to unwanted actions such as; relationships being affected negatively with others. On the other hand, when an individual is happy feeling fulfilled, relationships improve. Some adults find that unhappiness or stress at work leads to arguments at home. Once education has been used as a means to escape this unhappy working environment, the arguments lessen or disappear completely. Adults find also that relationships with their children improve – they feel more of an affinity with their children, understanding the stresses and strains which are places on them within the education system. Thusly, returning to learning as an adult is advantageous regarding the improvement of relationships through heightening the perception of ones self-worth and therefor, feeling fulfilled. On the contrary however, returning to education has the capability to negatively affect relationships. Returning to school as an adult requires juggling class schedules with family life, work and other personal commitments. Mature students articulate concerns about finding enough time for family members and how to deal with a partner who may not appreciate the idea, according to Deborah Neuheisel, an adult student adviser for the University of Wisconsin-Barron County. One imperative disadvantage to returning to learning as an adult are the financial limitations. An adult may have responsibilities that conventional aged students might not have, such as bills or perhaps a family to provide for. However, the challenge of finding adequate resources to fund a college education provides strong motivation to finish the effort. As a result, adult students are more likely to understand the value of an education and better positioned to focus on what they want to learn. Furthermore, there are sources of government funding that an adult student is entitled to such as, grants and bursaries. Ultimately, it is most advantageous to return to an academic environment as an adult, if required, it will supply one with a formal acknowledgement of achievement which can be used to increase career prospects but amongst all other functions, it enables one the opportunity to stimulate the brain, divert from conventional routine, be given a voice and opportunity to put their thoughts and values forward the opportunity to inspire be inspired.

Development of an Air Pack

Development of an Air Pack An air sack is an inflatable pad intended to secure vehicles inhabitants from genuine harm on account of an impact. The air sack is a piece of an inflatable limitation framework, otherwise called an air pad restriction framework (ACRS) or an air pack supplemental limitation framework (SRS), on the grounds that the air sack is intended to supplement the assurance offered via seat cinchs. Seat cinchs are still expected to hold the tenant safely set up, particularly in side effects, back effects, and rollovers. After locating an impact, air packs swell in a split second to pad the uncovered inhabitant with a huge gas-filled cushion. A regular air pack framework comprises of an air sack module (containing an inflator or gas generator and an air sack), crash sensors, an analytic observing unit, a guiding wheel interfacing loop, and a pointer light. These segments are all interconnected by a wiring tackle and fueled by the vehicles battery. Air pack frameworks hold a store charge after the ignition has been turned off or after the battery has been detached. Contingent upon the model, the reinforcement power supply keeps going between one second and ten minutes. Since segments indispensable to the frameworks operation may sit lethargic for quite a long time, the air pack hardware performs an inner individual test amid every startup, generally showed by a light on the instrument board that gleams quickly at every startup. The accident sensors are intended to keep the air pack from swelling when the auto goes over a knock or a pothole, or on account of a minor crash. The inflator fits into a module comprising of a woven nylon sack and a break-away plastic horn cushion spread. The module, thus, fits into the directing wheel for drivers-side applications or more the glove compartment for front traveler applications. In a frontal impact proportional to hitting a strong hindrance at nine miles every hour (14.48 kilometers every hour), the accident sensors spotted in the front of the auto identify the sudden deceleration and send an electrical sign enacting an initiator (in some cases called an igniter or squib). Like a light, an initiator contains a slender wire that warms up and infiltrates the charge chamber. This causes the robust synthetic force, mainly sodium azide, fixed inside the inflator to experience a quick compound response (usually alluded to as a pyrotechnic chain). This controlled response produces safe nitrogen gas that fills the air pack. Amid sending the stretching nitrogen gas experiences a process that decreases the temperature and evacuates the vast majority of the ignition deposit or slag. The stretching nitrogen gas blows up the nylon sack in under one-twentieth (1/20) of a second, part open its plastic module cover and blowing up before the tenant. As the tenant contacts the sack, the nitrogen gas is vented through openings in the once again of the pack. The sack is completely swelled for stand out tenth (1/10) of a second and is about collapsed by three-tenths (3/10) of a second after effect. Talcum powder or corn starch is utilized to line within the air pack and is discharged from the air sack as it is opened. History The air bag traces its origin to air-filled bladders outlined as early as 1941 and first patented in the 1950s. Early air bag systems A commonplace drivers-side air sack fits conveniently on the directing wheel section. If there should arise an occurrence of a crash, the accident sensor sends an electric flash to the inflator canister, setting off a compound readion that creates nitrogen gas. The gas stretches, expanding the air pack and securing the driver. were vast and massive, essentially utilizing tanks of layered or warmed air, compacted nitrogen gas (N 2 ), freon, or carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). A percentage of the early frameworks made dangerous results. One specific framework utilized black powder to high temperature up freon gas, delivering phosgene gas (Cocl 2 )—an amazingly noxious gas. One of the first licenses for vehicles air packs was honored to mechanical architect John Hetrick on August 18, 1953. Brought about by Hetrick after a close mischance in 1952, the outline required a tank of packed air in the engine and inflatable packs on the controlling wheel, amidst the dash-board, and in the glove compartment to secure front seat inhabitants, and on the once again of the front seat to ensure back seat travelers. The power of a crash would push a sliding weight forward to send air into the sacks. Numerous different designers and analysts stuck to this same pattern, all investigating somewhat diverse plans, with the goal that the definite specialized trail from the early outlines to the present framework is difficult to note with sureness. In 1968, John Pietz, a scientist for Talley Guard Frameworks, spearheaded a robust charge utilizing sodium azide (Nan 3 ) and a metallic oxide. This was the first nitrogen-creating robust force, and it soon supplanted the more seasoned, bulkier frameworks. Sodium azide in its robust state is harmful if ingested in expansive measurements, yet in auto applications is precisely fixed inside a steel or aluminum holder inside the air pack framework Since the 1960s, air pack prepared autos in controlled tests and regular utilization have exhibited the adequacy and dependability. The Protection Organization For Thruway Wellbeing led an investigation of the national governments Deadly Mischance Reporting Framework utilizing information from 1985 to 1991, and inferred that driver fatalities in frontal crashes were brought down by 28 percent in cars outfitted with air sacks. As per Readiness of the charge, the initial phase in air pack production, includes consolidating sodium azide and an oxidizer. The charge is then consolidated with the metal initiator canister and different channels to structure the inflator gathering. an alternate study directed in 1989 by General Engines, the mix of lap/shoulder wellbeing cinchs and air sacks in frontal crashes decreased driver fatalities by 46 percent and front traveler fatalities by 43 percent. Because of customers expanded wellbeing concerns and protection industry weight, the central government has constrained car producers to redesign their security characteristics. To begin with, Bureau of Transportation (Spot) regulations oblige all autos, starting with model year 1990, sold in the United States to be furnished with an aloof limitation framework. (Latent restriction frameworks obliging no actuation by the tenant include the utilization of programmed seat sashs and/or the utilization of air sacks.) If auto makers pick an air pack, then regulations require just a driver s-side framework until model year 1994, when air sack prepared autos must incorporate detached security on the travelers side also. A 1991 law obliges driver and traveler air sacks in all autos by the 1998 model year and in light trucks and vans by 1999. Raw Materials As expressed over, an air pack framework comprises of an air sack module, crash sensors, an indicative checking unit, a controlling wheel associating loop, and a marker light. Both this area and the following (The Assembling Methodology) will concentrate on the air pack module itself. An air sack module has three principle parts: the air pack, the inflator, and the charge. The air pack is sewn from a woven nylon fabric and can come in diverse shapes and sizes relying upon particular vehicle necessities. The drivers-side air sack material is fabricated with a high temperature shield covering to ensure the fabric from burning, particularly close to the inflator gathering, amid arrangement. Talcum powder or corn starch is likewise used to cover the air sack; either substance keeps the fabric from staying together and makes it less demanding to collect. Fresher silicone and urethane covered air sack materials oblige practically no high temperature shield covering, in spite of the fact that talcum powder or corn starch will presumably still be utilized as a transforming support. The inflator canister or body is produced using either stamped stainless steel or cast aluminum. Inside the inflator canister is a channel get together comprising of a stainless steel wire network with ceramic material sandwiched in the middle. At the point when the inflator is collected, the channel get together is encompassed by metal foil to keep up a seal that anticipates charge defilement. The force, as dark pellets, is principally sodium azide joined with an oxidizer and is regularly placed inside the inflator canister between the channel get together and the initiator. The Manufacturing Process Air sack creation includes three distinctive separate gatherings that join to structure the completed deciding item, the air pack module. The charge must be made, the inflator parts must be collected, and the air pack must be cut and sewn. A few makers purchase effectively made parts, for example, air packs or initiators, and after that simply collect the complete air pack module. The accompanying portrayal of the assembling methodology is for driver-side air pack module get together. Traveler side air sack module get-togethers are delivered marginally in an unexpected way. Propellant The fuel comprises of sodium azide combined with an oxidizer, a substance that helps the sodium azide to blaze when lighted. The sodium azide is gotten from outside merchants and examined to verify it adjusts to necessities. After investigation it is set in a safe stockpiling spot until required. In the meantime, the oxidizer is gotten from outside sellers, reviewed, and put away. Diverse makers use distinctive oxidizers. From capacity, the sodium azide and the oxidizer are then precisely mixed under modern modernized methodology control. As a result of the likelihood of blasts, the powder handling happens in detached shelters. In the occasion security sensors distinguish a sparkle, fast downpour frameworks will drench entire rooms with water. Creation happens in a few excess littler offices so that if a mischance does happen, generation wont be closed down, just diminished. In the wake of mixing, the fuel mixture is sent to capacity. Presses are then used to clamp the force mixture into plate or pellet structure. Inflator assembly The inflator segments, for example, the metal canister, the channel get together stainless steel wire network with ceramic material inside—and initiator (or igniter) are gotten from outside sellers and investigated. The segments are then gathered on a profoundly robotized creation line The inflator sub-gathering is joined with the force and an initiator to structure the inflator get together. Laser welding (utilizing CO 2 gas) is utilized to join stainless steel inflator sub-gatherings, while erosion inertial welding is utilized to join aluminum inflator sub-congregations. Laser welding involves utilizing laser pillars to weld the congregations together, while grinding inertial welding includes rubbing two metals together until the surfaces get to be sufficiently hot to join together. The inflator get together is then tried and sent to capacity until required. Air bag The woven nylon air sack fabric is gotten from outside merchants and assessed for any material imperfections. The air sack fabric is then kick the bucket slice to the best possible shapes and sewn, inside and remotely, to legitimately join the two sides. After the air pack is sewn, it is expanded and checked for any crease blemishes. Final assembly of air bag module The air sack gathering is then mounted to the tried inflator get together. Next, the air pack is collapsed, and the breakaway plastic horn cushion spread is introduced. At long last, the finished module get together is investigated and tried. The module get-togethers are bundled in boxes for shipment and afterward sent to clients. Other components The remaining segments of the air pack framework the accident sensors, the analytic checking unit, the controlling wheel joining loop, and the marker light are joined with the air sack module amid vehicle gathering. All the parts are joined and impart through a wiring saddle. The air pack parts are bite the dust remove of woven nylon, sewn together, and bolted. The pack is then painstakingly collapsed so it will fit inside the plastic module spread. Quality Control The quality control part of air pack creation is, clearly, critical in light of the fact that numerous lives rely on upon the security characteristic. Two noteworthy territories where quality control is discriminating are the pyrotechnic or charge tests and the air pack and inflator static and element tests. Fuels, before being embedded into inflators, are initially subjected to ballistic tests to foresee their conduct. A delegate specimen of inflators are pulled from the creation line and tried for legitimate operation by a full-scale inflator test, which measures weight made by the produced gas inside an extensive tank 15.84 or 79.20 gallons (60 or 300 liters)—versus time in milliseconds. This gives a sign of the inflator frameworks capacity to deliver a measure of gas at a given rate, guaranteeing fitting air pack expansion. The air packs themselves are investigated for fabric and crease blemishes and after that tried for breaks. Computerized investigations are made at each phase of the generation procedure line to distinguish botches. One air pack producer utilizes radiography (x-beams) to think about the finished inflator against an expert setup put away in the machine. Any inflator without the correct arrangement is rejected

Ethical Theories Of Business

Ethical Theories Of Business Ethical theory studies different philosophies or systems used to explain and make judgments regarding right/wrong/good/bad. It challenges to bring in clarity, substance, and precision of argument into the area of morality. They also dispute on how we should value humans in our actions. Ethical theories suggest justification for judgment regarding the morality or immorality of actions, and they provide a basis for claims about moral obligations. Ethical theories are based on the ethical principles. They each highlight different features of an ethical dilemma and direct to the most ethically approved decision according to the guiding principle within the ethical theory itself. Generally ethical principles stem from ethical theories, and when defending a particular action, ethicists normally appeal to these principles, not the underlying theory. Ethical theory is applied to the philosophical examination, from a moral standpoint, of particular issues in private and public life that are s ubject of moral judgment. It is thus a term used to describe attempts to use philosophical methods to identify the morally correct course of action in various fields of human life. This essay briefly explains the purpose of an ethical theory and why no more than one ethical theory can be right. It outlines the positions the two ethical theories. It further discusses on claim So long as a businesss actions are legal and accepted by consumers and shareholders, the actions can be considered ethically good. Finally it outlines and illustrates one criticism that an opponent might level at each of the ethical theories. Ethical theories and principles are the foundation of ethical analysis as they guide along the pathway to a decision. Purpose of ethical theories argues that how we should value and treat human beings in our actions and proposes essential reason to considers an action to be ethically good or bad. Ethical theory highlights different points such as predicting the outcome and following duties in order to reach an ethically truthful decision. Ethical theory attempts to answer the fundamental practical ethical question of What ought I to do? and How ought I live? It offers the fundamental justification for judgment in relation to the morality or immorality of actions, and provides a basis for claims about moral obligations (The Open Polytechnic of New Zealand, 2009, Module 1 p.20). These principles/roles of ethical theories are the common goals that they try to achieve in order to be successful. This goal includes beneficence, least harm, respect for autonomy and justice. The principle of beneficence directs ethical theory to do what is good, which should attempt to engender the largest ratio of good over evil. The principle of least harm states that a person should choose least harm possible which harms the fewest people. Respect for autonomy states that people should be allowed to make decisions of their lives which applies them and justice affirm that justice should be tolerable and actions to be fair for those who are involved. There are several varieties of ethical theories to choose from in a business ethics environment however only one ethical theory could suite a particular environment at that instance. This is for the reason that all theories have been developed by unique philosophers. Ethicists and people who generally apply these theories could also have different ideas of how to answer questions such as What is the right way to act in this situation?, What makes this the right way to act in this situation? and How should I act in general so as to live a good life? (The Open Polytechnic of New Zealand, 2009, Module 1 p.27,28). All theories convey a different idea on why an action counts as ethically good or bad. Lets say for instance we take utilitarianism and Kantian moral theory, utilitarianism argues that moral importance of an action lies on the predictable consequences of the action where as kantian moral theory emphasizes on the moral importance of an action lies in the principle of the person s action. For example a person steals $100 from a billionaire and uses that money to feed 40 hungry kids on street, utilitarianism will agree that it is morally a good thing as it produces greater happiness. However, kantian theory would argue that stealing money from someone is wrong as this will break the law even though it will help 40 hungry kids. Ethical theories purposes are based on above ethical principles. Two ethical theories in this course which I have chosen to discuss comprehensively are utilitarianism and kantian moral theory. Utilitarianism ethical theory proposes that moral worth of actions should be judged by its utility in providing happiness or suffering, compared with the amount of happiness or suffering likely to be caused by alternative actions (The Open Polytechnic of New Zealand, 2009, Module 1 p.20). It is one of the more functional and commonly used theories today which is also sometimes called consequentialism. Utilitarianism is well known by the phrase the greatest good for the greatest number of people which utter that the moral right action is the one that is most likely to maximize happiness, bearing in mind that equally interests of all affected by it, no matter who these people are. For example, a witness lies at the court house that the victim murdered a person. As the victim would have been sentenced, there would have been no one left to take care of his three kids. Under utilitarianism, this was morally the right thing for the witness to do as the result have benefited more people. Th ere are two sorts of utilitarianism, which are act and rule utilitarianism. Act utilitarianism is mostly what described above where a person performs the acts that benefits the most people. Rule utilitarianism uses the same principle of benefiting the most people but through the fairness and most just means available. This add extra value to rule utilitarianism as it adds value justice and general rules while including the benefits greatest happiness principles. One benefit of this ethical theory is that utilitarian can match up similar predicted solutions and draw on a point system to decide which choice is more beneficial for more people. It compares the likely good and bad consequences of one action with the likely good and bad consequences of the alternative action. Kantian moral theory is a deontological ethical theory which came from a Greek word meaning duty. Deontological theory is an approach to ethics that judges the morality of an action based on the actions adherence to rule or rules (Wikipedia, 2010). It holds that most important aspects of lives are governed by certain unbreakable. This ethical theory is based on the idea that we all have a duty to perform certain things and not to perform certain things. Rules should not be broken even if breaking them may improve an outcome. For example, if some one says lying is always wrong in principle; than it is morally wrong to lie to people even though it could have produced better consequences. It does not look at how much good will cause by an action, rather they look at the action itself and then decide whether it is prohibited or complete mandatory by one of their rules. Deontologists have very strong approach on the words, right and good. Right has to do with actions. Good has to do throu gh outcomes. Good can be many things such as pleasure, happiness, harmony, wealth and so on. Deontological moral theory also seems to be concern about respect for rational humanity as an important aspect of moral importance. It sees all people as having fundamental moral value in virtue of being rational being. We must examine the principles of action to notice whether it shows respect for rational humanity or not. To check whether our actions meet the definite imperative to respect rational humanity, Kant moral theory inquire two question which is can we rationally will that this principle should become a universal law for everybody and are we treating persons as end in themselves, or solely as a means to an end . Drawing on the following claim that So long as a businesss actions are legal and accepted by consumers and shareholders, the actions can be considered ethically good. Utilitarianism involves an equal and impartial consideration of interest. Equal and impartial means that someone can not only consider the greatest good for the company, the overall greatest good should be considered which will benefit everyone affected by the action. In general, Utilitarianism is not bounded by any rules or regulations to determine the moral obligations. Its moral worth of action is solely determined by its involvement of overall utility. Overall utility arises when the good consequences are maximized and proficiently achieving happiness or pleasure versus lack of suffering or pain. Utilitarianism will deal with this claim by overlooking the legal aspect and will spotlight on the consequences, which is in this case are the consumers and shareholders. Utilitarianism will rephrase the claim that business actions are acceptable if it maximizes the benefits of consumers and shareholders. However, rule utilitarianism will argue that the action is morally acceptable for t he reason that the business is following its legal obligations and at the same time, the consequences is benefiting the consumers and shareholders. Rule utilitarianism takes account of the legal business actions and concerns with the fairness of consumers and shareholders in this situation. Kantian moral theory will see the claim differently than what utilitarianism has stated above. Kantian theory states that actions are morally right in virtue of their motives, which must derive more from duty than from inclination (Beauchamp Bowie, 2004). It is a theory that is restrained by rules and regulations and it saw people as having essential moral value since they are rational being. It sees all people as morally important as an end and never treats them as a means to an end. In the claim that business actions are legal and acceptable by consumers and shareholders, Kantian moral theory will agree that the action is ethically good. This is for the reason that the consumers and shareholders are treated appropriately while also taking account of the legal business actions. Kantian moral theory idea is that actions to be morally acceptable, it is required to be able to be made a universal law without opposing its own principle. Unlike utilitarianism, kantian moral theory disreg ard the consequences of the actions when coming to a decision of right or wrong as it determines the moral goodness on principles behind the action. Kantian moral theory and other theories criticize utilitarianism theory that it suffers from numerous problems. Particularly, one criticism which I would like to consider consideration discussing is that utilitarianism theory is the treatment of minorities against majorities. Majority of opponents argue that utilitarian position can be unfair to the minorities. This is because utilitarianism embraces that actions that cause suffering to minority in order to benefit majority are morally good. This legal system in utilitarianism punishes the behavior of the minority even though the minority party might not be guilty. For example, a wealthy man named Kris residing in a small town who owns a company. This company is the major source of employment for the town people. One night, Kriss son caught up with a fight with other 3 boys of the same town. The police found that Kriss son was drunk and police found him at fault. Kris came to the police station and told the police that his son is inn ocent and if the police will lay any charges on his son, he will fire the 3 employees whose son were involved in this fight. Utilitarianism will argue that if this action will be taken, there will be more suffer and pain for the three families as the main source of income for survival will vanish. Taking the principle of greatest good for greatest number of people, utilitarianism theory will let go Kriss son. This is just an example where the minorities suffer even though they might not be wrong sometimes. This can also be said that in a similar situation described above, people could sometimes loose their human rights as utilitarianism theory only looks ate the result of the action and which party or action could make greater benefits for majorities. Kantian moral theory also has drawbacks mention by other ethical theories such as utilitarianism. One of the most common criticisms of kantian moral theory is that this theory ignores the consequences. It denies the moral importance of the likely consequences of any action. In some situations, it just focuses on the rules and regulations a person should follow and disturbingly disregards the consequences. For example, a chap went to buy some chocolate for his kid at the nearby shop. While returning home, accompanied by his wife and boy, some young youth attack him for some money. While in the clash, one of the thugs stab his wife. The man thought that they might also kill him and his son so he threw a beer bottle which he obtains near by to one of the thug and that stroked is head really hard. He garbed his son and escaped to near by police station. When the police came to the incident, they also found another person dead in that scene. He explained the whole story to the police and then the police started its investigation. Under kantian theory, the man will be sentenced for life as any person who kills another person is being sentenced for life. Kantian moral theory here just looked at the rules and comes with the relevant action needed to be taken ignore the consequences and leaving the investigation. Principle of ethical theories argues that how we should value and treat human beings in our actions and proposes essential reason to considers an action to be ethically good or bad. Two ethical theories covered in this discussion were Utilitarianism and Kantian moral theory. Both theories affirmed their benefits and criticism. It is difficult to address that one theory is better than the other as both theories could come right depending of the situation and circumstances.

Rural HIV/AIDS in Southeast Ohio :: Case Management

Rural HIV/AIDS in Southeast Ohio History Of all the known cases of HIV / AIDS in the United States "†¦5.5 percent were reported from nonmetropolitan statistical areas (non-MSAs). The Office of Management and Budget defines a metropolitan statistical area (MSA) as a county or group of counties that includes a city of 50,000 residents or an urbanized area with at least 50,000. Nonmetropolitan counties are all remaining counties (Gwinn & Wortley, 1996). "†¦6 percent of the female AIDS cases reported to the Center for Disease Control (CDC) during 1994 were residing in non-MSAs at the time of AIDS diagnosis (CDC, 1996). This is the case in Southeast Ohio where the nearest metropolitan area is Columbus an hour and a half away from Athens. Rural HIV/AIDS patients tend to be diagnosed in later stages of the disease because their physicians do not consider them to be at risk for HIV (Calonge, Petersen, Miller, & Marshall, 1993; Miller, et al., 1995). Many of the clients that apply for services at the Athens AIDS Task Force do so only after a referral from a medical professional after they have been hospitalized with a serious illness. Most already have Center for Disease Control (CDC) diagnosis for AIDS (T-Cell count below 200, normal count is 800 – 1500). Even as the spread of AIDS into small towns escalates, HIV-infected patients who live outside urban areas continue to confront significant obstacles to effective care. Nearly all doctors who specialize in the treatment of HIV are located in cities. Quality of life for HIV-infected rural residents is potentially worse, often for reasons that involve a lack of person-to-person contact both at the medical level and at the personal support level. Researchers have noted that rural HIV/AIDS patients often travel two or more hours to obtain medical care because they lack confidence in their local physicians, are unable to find a local physician who will see them, and are concerned about confidentiality. (Mainous & Matheny, 1996; Rounds, 1988; Rumley, et al., 1991). This is certainly the case in Rural Ohio, many clients travel to Columbus, Akron, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and Parkersburg, West Virginia for medical treatment. Many fear that they will run into acquaintances or relatives if they should visit physicians closer to home. People living in rural areas are still generally afraid of casual contact with anyone with the AIDS virus. We also see less intervention and prevention efforts directed toward rural areas, in part because they tend to be more conservative and not as open to sexuality education and safer sex education.

Affirmative Action :: Affirmative Action Racism History Essays

Affirmative Action Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Though affirmative action may have been valuable in the beginning, it has long since outlived any usefulness it may have had. That it ever had any usefulness is questionable, based on comparisons between overall black populations socioeconomic standing today and that of the mid-1960’s. Today, it is little more than a scapegoat behind which inferior performance can hid very well, and that scapegoat’s upkeep has become far too extravagant in today’s society.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"We didn’t land on Plymouth Rock my brothers and sisters--Plymouth Rock landed on us,† Malcolm X’s observation is brought out by the facts of America history. Snatched from their native land transported thousands of miles--in a nightmare of disease and death and sold into slavery blacks were reduced into the legal status of farm animals. Even after emancipation, blacks were segregated from whites--in some states by law, in social practice almost everywhere. American apartheid continued for another century. In 1954 the Supreme Court declared state compelled segregation in schools unconstitutional, and it followed up that decisions with others that struck down many other forms of official segregation. Still discrimination survived, and in most southern states blacks were either discouraged or prohibited from excersizing their rights to vote. Not until the 1960’s was compulsory segregation finally and effectively challenged. Between 1 964 and 1968 congress passed the most sweeping legislation since the end of the Civil War. It banned discrimination in employment, public accommodation,( hotels, motels, restaurants, etc.), and housing; it also guaranteed voting rights for blacks in areas suspected of disenfranchising blacks. Today, several agencies in the federal government excursive sweeping powers to enforce these civil rights measures.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After the United States congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, it became apparent that certain business traditions, such as seniority, status and aptitude tests, prevented total equality in employment. The president Lyndon B. Johnson decided something needed to be done to remedy these flaws. On September 24, 1965 he issued an Executive Order #11246 at Howard University that required federal contractors â€Å"to take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed... without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin.† When President Johnson signed that order, he enacted one of the most discriminating pieces of legislation since the Jim Crow laws were passed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Affirmative action was first created in effort to help minorities leap the discriminative barriers that were ever so present when the bill first took action in 1965.

The Role of the Inspector in An Inspector Calls Essay examples -- An I

The Role of the Inspector in 'An Inspector Calls' An Inspector Calls is a play with many social and political messages. J. B. Priestley believed a great deal in socialism and he used several of his plays to try and influence people to be Socialist as well. It was written in a time when Britain was ruled by a Labour government and socialist policies were seen as the way forward. It was a popular way of thinking at that time so Priestley's aim for the play was probably to teach the unconvinced. The Inspector in J. B. Priestley's 'An Inspector Calls' is one of the most thought-provoking and mysterious characters that modern day literature has yet produced. It is this mysterious element that contributes greatly to making him a very interesting character and one that may be perceived in many ways. The audience does not find a great deal out about the Inspector and nothing is explicitly told to us; we are given hints and clues from the way he acts and what he says and are forced to piece these together to form our own ideas about his identity and his intentions. In this way, Priestley has asked his audience to act as a judge and to reach personal conclusions about him. The role of the Inspector is one of many levels. In terms of how he is used in the basic structure of the play, he is there to move the play along in that he encourages the characters to tell their stories. If there was not the revelation that he was not a real Police Inspector, he would only be considered as a narrator and not play a big part in the play. Because it transpired that he was an impostor of sorts, further questions are asked by the audience and different insights have become likely and it is clear that the Inspector is in the play for many reasons. T... ...e unpunished. One must conclude that the Inspector's main purpose is to teach. In the context of the play, he told the characters what had happened to a particular girl because they had each been guilty of selfishness. In regards to the whole of society, he voiced Priestley's opinions that we cannot make any progress if we do not work together. In my opinion, those watching or reading the play today would not gain as much from the story in regards to the moral teachings because most have now accepted the advantages of Socialism over Capitalism and so do not have as much to learn on the arguments of this issue as the audiences of 1947. In regards to the question of what the Inspector actually was, I personally feel that there is not enough evidence given for even a strong, fact-supported theory to be produced to answer the question, let alone an infallible answer.

Dance, the Art of Movement Essay

Dancing is the rhythmical movement of the body, usually with music, to express an idea or emotion, to narrate a story or simply to enjoy and take pleasure in the movement itself. It can be traced that Dance as an art started from the moment it was harnessed to a rhythm, probably the stamping of the feet and clapping of the hands. Dance of the earliest times differ from those of the present times; the dances of the barrio folks differ from those of the city. There are primitive and non primitive dances. Indians dance to give thanks for a harvest, the Mexicans to celebrate a religious festival, teenagers dance at parties, both young and old go discoing and children everywhere dance because it is pleasurable to express joy through bodily movement or language. Origin and Function of the Dance Dancing has primitive beginnings. It can be deduced from the behavior of primitive tribes surviving today that the rhythm that spurred on the dances mostly came from the beat sustained through the stamping of the feet on the ground. Soon, dance was used for purposes of affecting the whole tribe; hunting dance to depict the capture or a prey or a warlike dance to show the defeat of enemy. There were dances of thanksgiving for a good harvest, good weather and wanted rain. Rain dances have survived in some parts of the world until today. In biblical dances, the Old Testament attests that Miriam, the sister of Moses, led the women in a dances of joy after Israelites escaped from Egypt. King David danced before the Ark of the Covenant to express thanksgiving. Psalm 149 says, â€Å"Let them praise HIS name in the dance. † The Bible tells us when people danced, but it does not tell how they danced. The Hebrew religion forbade the making of images. Thus there are no paintings or statues to help reconstruct the dances of Miriam or David. In earlier times, supplications t Gods was the beginning of the religious aspect of dancing. In the West, the most sophisticated of professional dancers put their art at the service of religion taking part in celebrations in great cathedrals or in humble churches. It is believed that the more grotesque kinds of dancing in plays and spectacles were developed by the Romans. In the East as well as in the West, dancing was developed as a social grace. Various kinds of religious, social and theatrical dances evolved slowly in the dances today. Generally, western dance techniques are based mostly on footwork, while the Eastern forms of art dance, depending upon footwork to sustain the rhythm, derive their greatest beauty and subtle meanings from the infinite variety of delicate movements of the upper part of the body, especially the head, neck and hands. In the East as in the West, dance was indigenous to religious ceremony, and was used for entertainment. Plato, the great Greek Philosopher demanded a place for the dance in his ‘’ideal republic’’ saying that it would help towards acquiring noble, harmonious and graceful attitudes. The implication is that dance was already appreciated for its own sake, as an expression of beauty and movement. The domination of the Roman Catholic Church in Europe, after the fall of Rome, virtually extinguished theatrical dance, but it was reborn together with other art of Italy.

Use of Adobe in Cyprus

What is adobe brick brick brick brick brick?Production, Application & A Features adobe is a composite piddleion pierce made with tinkers damn and drinking straws. essential spousal relationship of water supply is added to squaty and straws which is convention ally crushed and squezed by pes, to exit the stuffs devising mud. In s freshly parts, bemusepings is use alternatively of straws. Straws be employ to commence to the bricks together. It likewise allow the bricks to juiceless either bit. Some experiments show that utilizing straws in adobe brick bricks make them more immune for cleft fields. slime is generally utilize to avoid insects.The salmagundi is so casted into woodlandy frames ( commonly 30cm x 45cmx 6cm ) .It is compressed within the wooden frames to close protrude the spreads, doing it obese and strong. Excess clay is glanced bump off the frames to do a direct show for the bricks. woodwinden frames argon removed and adobe brick s argon left to dry in a level surface, nether the cheer for a hardly a(prenominal) yearss.It is a cheap and easy to do stuff which was wide utilise all a bombastic the creative activity extensively in Egypt, Sudan, Middle tocopherol and Asia Minor. As it is an reality stuff, it is suited for semi-arid climes where summers ar zesty and dry and winters c mature and wet. It has a spirited thermal mass which is be as the ability of the stuff to suckle heat. It helps to stabilise the within temperature of the edifices.Main rude(a) stuffs of adobe offer easy be found topical anestheticly. stigma types and colorss depends on the neighbourhood and that is the chief ground to see distinct coloured adobe edifices in varied countries.Load bearing walls made from adobe bricks be usually 45-50cm broad. Minimal width should non be less than 30 centimeter. adobe walls carry their ain weight into foundations so there is no demand for otherwise sturctures to transport the burd en of the walls. Normally, 80-100 centimeter high rock walls argon built as a base for the adobe walls to foresee the affect of land humidness on adobe bricks.As there ar non any other retraceions to transport the adobe walls, land is dug for the termss. The blockheadedness of the excavated demesne depends on the local features of the land and the hoarfrost degree of the grime. The misguided apparatus of the foundations ability do clefts on the walls.Courses of adobe bricks argon lined horizantally and binded together with clay howitzer to organize the adobe walls. stiff daub which is a breathable stuff that tin can permit the wet of the adobe walls to vaporize is used to stick on the first hit the sack of the adobe walls. Fine grained straws argon added where straw fibres increase adhering and to obtain a facile surface. Mud plaster is a persistent stuff only the concluding ending of the wall is made by stick oning calcium hydrated oxide based spread which is a water-repellent stuff to cling to the structural feature of the adobe.As it is an earth stuff, one-year fix is recommended. Worn surfaces are re entrap by clay howitzer and unwavering once more. This procedure is normally carried out during fall.In adobe houses, the breadth of the edifices do no transcend 4m ( 13ft ) by and large. The infinites are nighly rectangular and in any(prenominal) instances they might be square shaped. It is recommended to construct maximal twain floors with adobe.Ceiling beams which were normally wood, are located parallel to the minuscule side of the rectangle with 30-40cm intervals. For these beams, cypress tree was normally used in Cyprus. Bushes or reeds were situated supra the beams or in some instances reeds in the signifier of mats might be used if available. On top of this bed, 20-25 centimeter midst clay is casted and compressed by a rock enfolder. This type of capitals make one-year fix, which normally carried out in fall. If the ro of is build with a incline, tiles are used to cover the clay bed. This exit cut down the scratch of the clay and reduces the demand for care.Use of Adobe in CyprusAdobe is a common edifice stuff in Cyprus from early seasons. twist stuffs might originate in divergent parts, such as Kyrenia and Paphos ( which are coastal parts of the island ) rock was used to construct shelters. In the fields and foothills, adobe was widely used. The usage of the stuffs depended on the regional handiness and climatic factors.As adobe is an insulating stuff, intensity of the houses were build utilizing adobe. Mesaoria vale which is located amongst Kyrenia Mountains in the North and Trodos Mountains in the souwest of the island, is an aluvial field where most of the adobe edifices can be seen. Reports on dirt studies in Cyprus shows that there are chiefly two types of dirt in the island. whiz is deep soils which can be found in fields and 2nd one is shallow soils which can be found in mount ain and semi mountain countries. plenteous soil consequences show that % 60 of the dirt in fields is clay. Large sum of the field lands is calcareus with Ca carbonate center up to % 40-60. basswood play off is a sedimentary stone which includes high degrees of Ca carbonate. Limestone is processed in different phases to use up forrard calcium hydroxide.Including insularity characteristics of adobe, suited ingredients can be found locally around the island which are dirt with high clay content, and limestone to bring forth calcium hydroxide. Adobe bricks are dried nether Sun where limestone and roof tiles are baked in local furnaces by utilizing wood or fuel. This makes adobe a sustainable and natural stuff. Limestone was besides used to construct patio walls.capital of Cyprus is located in the Mesaoria vale where adobe edifices can widely be seen. subsequently the declaration of independency of the island in 1960, cover edifices started to lift over the island. Nowadays, itsy- bitsy sums of ball edifices are built around Cyprus.Cyprus is hot and dry during summer where the demand for spread is extremely demanded inside the edifices. Privacy was an of deduction factor on determining the traditional house design of Cyprus where Windowss were built above eye degree to maintain the privateness. Windows on adobe walls were made by ranking wooden headers on top of the gaps to back up the bricks above.Terra rossa dirt is present in some countries of Mesaoria field which is a ruddy brownness dirt. Colour of adobe bricks might change in different parts of the island. splitter walls inside the edifices were normally built with light timber-framing filled with rubble or plaster. As adobe is a heavy stuff, it was used to construct the foreign walls merely.Testing adobe takes from the Davies HouseI scratched a real small sum of adobe from the external wall of the Davies House. It was easy crumbled into little pieces chiefly because of the low strenght of the wall. My chief aim to hear these haves is to happen out and specify the ingredients of the adobe used in this peculiar edifice. My purpose was besides to happen out the age of the stuff if possible.First phase in the research lab was to look at the hears under a microscope. A little sum from the take was taken and placed on a faux pas. blur and straw atoms were crownly seen but it was voiceless to place the stuffs clearly. As they were assorted and largely binded with each other, I need to disassociate the ingredients.The manner of dividing the composite stuff is to blend the coveted sum of sample with weewee and leave it for one twenty-four hours. By this manner, dense and heavy stuffs which are dirt atoms in this instance will drop where the light stuffs will drift on the liquid which are the straws that has lower parsimoniousness than pee which makes them float.One-half of the adobe sample is grained by utilizing a cock. A all right grained pulverization was obtained . 5gr of the pulverization was heavy by a sensitive weightiness graduate table. It was put inside a glass beaker and 200ml of distilled water supply added to the sample. The mixture was ruttish manually for a few proceedingss and so placed on the drawing cardic stirrer hot home office. The characteristic of this hot plate is that it has a attractive featureic field and if a magnet is placed inside the solution, the magnet will do a round spin and stir it. A magnet was put inside the solution and left to stir and heat for about 15 proceedingss. I used a thermometer to quantify the temperature of the solution and around 42 , close the hot plate. By stirring and warming, I achieved a well-mixed solution. After a few proceedingss, I covered the beaker with a level glass dish and go forth it for a dark.Through research I found out that calcium hydroxide was used to stick on the adobe walls. There are some case on the walls of the Davies House but to turn out that, I used hydro chloric acid. Lime is a stuff that contains calcium carbonate. The reaction of hydrochloric acid or any sharp with Ca carbonate will gibe up with bring forthing C dioxide which can be seen by bare oculus as air bubbles.In modulate to turn out that calcium hydroxide was used in Davies House, I put a small sum of adobe pulverization in a campaign tubing. Couple of beads of hydrochloric acid is suitable to see the air bubbles. As a consequence, reaction of the acid with the adobe sample is positive which proves that calcium hydroxide was used in this edifice. It besides raises another inquiry that if the type of dirt in Mesaoria contains % 40-60 Ca carbonate, does the reaction with the acid is because of the type of dirt used in adobe bricks?The mixture was left for a dark. Dense and heavy and indis disintegrable stuffs sink at the ass of the beaker, where light 1s float on the H2O. water supply is non clear which can be delimitate that some of the dirt was dissolved in H2O. A leach paper was placed inside a funnel and an renounce glass beaker was placed below. In stage to roll up the natation stuffs, I poured the H2O into the funnel easy without up labeling the can. It was elusive to roll up all of the drifting stuff so I used a metal spatula to roll up the staying from the mixture. The H2O was percolateed from the funnel, go forthing the straw atoms on the filter paper. Straws were collected from the filter paper and was put together with the 1s that were collected manually inside a porcelain crucible. I left them dry in the get on temperature for 15 proceedingss and set them in the oven for 35-40 proceedingss. They were dried wholly and plant to burden.I changed the filter paper and poured the staying H2O into the funnel. Some of the indissoluble stuffs remained at the underside of the beaker so I collected them by the aid of the metal spatula and set at heart another porcelain crucible. Water was filtered afterwards 2 hours from the funnel and I collected the stuffs from the filter paper and put them inside the crucible. selfsame(prenominal) procedure was made to dry the stuffs. I let them dry in room temperature for a piece and set them in oven for 40-45 proceedingss.ConsequencesI weighted the obtained stuffs individually by utilizing a reasonable weight graduated table. water-insoluble Materials ( dirt, pebbles ) 4.56gr ( Wa? )Floating Materials ( straws ) 0.06gr ( Wa )Exact sum of the whole sample was 5.04 gr. The expression below will dampen the per centums of the stuffs in the sample.Wa impart tip x 100 = % ..Wa? Total Weight x 100 = % ..Insoluble Materials ( dirt, pebbles ) % 90.48Floating Materials ( straws ) % 1.19As the H2O was non clear after go forthing the solution for a dark, it is defined that there are soluble stuffs in the mixture. So if soluble stuffs are Wa? Wa? + Wa + Wa? = 5.04 grWa? = 0.42grWa? = % 8.33Experiment shows that most of the adobe stuff is dirt. Straws were used to recoil up t he binding of the bricks. The sum of straws in 5gr is 0.06gr which is really few. As the edifice is old and ignored, straw atoms might hold been disapeared or decayed within the dirt through clip.Original ingredients of the adobe is soil, straws and H2O. In consecrate to turn out that the uninvolved stuffs from my sample is straws, they need to be identified under a microscope. They are most believably straws but there is a orifice that they might be timber.Timber and wooden stuffs are identified under a microscope by looking at the layout of the cells. Wood are chiefly classified in two groups which are soft and difficult forests but the layout of their cells are similar. If horizantal beams of cells are seen under a microscope, it is a wooden construction.following measure of placing the straw atoms will be to look under a microscope after cutting really thin subdivisions of the pieces. One manner of thinking the age of the wood is to place the fungus formations within the st uff. The dimensions of the fungus might acknowledgement to its age. This can be done by utilizing a microscope but merely if the detached atoms are timber/wood but non straw.FiguresStraws under the microscopeDirt atoms under microscopeBibliographyHadjiparaskevas C. territory study in Cyprus. In Zdruli P. ( ed. ) , Steduto P. ( ed. ) , Lacirignola C. ( ed. ) , Montanarella L. ( ed. ) . Soil resources of Southern and Eastern Mediterranean states. Bari CIHEAM,2001. p. 101-110 ( Options Mediterraneennes Serie B. Etudes et Recherches n. 34 ) hypertext transfer protocol //www.lime.org/lime_basics/index.aspOliver, P. ( 2006 ) . Built to outflow into demands cultural issues in common architecture. Amsterdam, Architectural. Pg.129-142Oliver, P. ( erect dysfunction ) ( 1997 ) Encyclopedia ofVernacularArchitecture of the World, Volume 2, Cultures and Habitats. Pg. 1540-1563Gunce K. , Erturk Z. , & A Erturk S. ( 2008 ) . Questioning the prototype homes in the form of Cyprus traditional architecture. Building and Environment. 43, 823-833.Adobe, 2014. . Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia.Anink, D. , 1996. enchiridion of sustainable edifice an environmental appreciation method for choice of stuffs for usage in building and renovation. James & A James, London.Dincyurek, O. , Turker, O.. , 2007. instruction from traditional built environment of Cyprus Re-interpretation of the contextual values. Building and Environment 42, 33843392.reality Materials uniform resource locator hypertext transfer protocol //earth.sustainablesources.com/ ( accessed 3.25.14 ) .Earth Plaster, Mud Plaster, and Clay Plasters For Straw Bale and Adobe Walls, n.d. Buildings with Awareness. URL hypertext transfer protocol //www.buildingwithawareness.com/earth-plaster-walls.html ( accessed 3.25.14 ) .Hadjichristos, C. , 2006. Cyprus working capital of cyprus and its d-visions. AD Architectural Design 76, 1219.Roy, R.L. , 2006. Earth-sheltered houses how to construct an low-cost belowground place . rude(a) Society Publishers, Gabriola Island, B.C.Snell, C. , 2005. Constructing green a accomplished how-to usher to alternative edifice methods Earth plaster, straw bale, cordwood, hazelnut, populating roofs. Lark Books, New York.Stedman, M. , 1973. Adobe architecture.1